Direct ELISA: In this type, the antigen of interest is immobilized, and a labelled primary antibody directly binds to it. The signal is directly proportional to the amount of antigen present.
Indirect ELISA: The antigen is immobilized, and a primary antibody specific to the target antigen is added. A secondary antibody, labelled with an enzyme, binds to the primary antibody. The signal is proportional to the amount of bound secondary antibody, providing amplification.
Sandwich ELISA: This method involves immobilizing a capture antibody that binds to the target antigen. The antigen in the sample binds to the capture antibody, and a detection antibody, labelled with an enzyme, forms a sandwich complex. The signal is proportional to the amount of captured antigen, providing high sensitivity.
Competitive ELISA: The sample antigen competes with a labelled antigen for binding to a limited number of specific antibodies. The signal is inversely proportional to the amount of sample antigen, enabling the detection of inhibitors or competition for binding sites.
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